飛機(jī)要執(zhí)行的任務(wù)不同，其飛機(jī)的形狀和尺寸不同。
The tasks that airplanes need to perform vary, and the shape and size of their aircraft vary.
渦輪動(dòng)力客機(jī)是代表性飛機(jī)。按照更新適航標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的干線(xiàn)民用飛機(jī)，是由商用飛機(jī)有限責(zé)任公司于2008年開(kāi)始研制的C919。
Turbopowered aircraft are highly representative aircraft. The first mainline civilian aircraft with independent intellectual property rights in accordance with the latest international airworthiness standards in China, the C919, was developed by China Commercial Aircraft Co., Ltd. in 2008.
接下來(lái)，我們來(lái)了解一下客機(jī)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。
Next, let's take a look at the basic structure of an airliner.
-飛機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖-
-Schematic diagram of aircraft basic structure-
機(jī)身、駕駛艙
Fuselage, cockpit
飛機(jī)的機(jī)身將所有部件固定在一起。
The fuselage of an aircraft holds all its components together.
飛行員坐在機(jī)身前部的駕駛艙內(nèi)。乘客和貨物都裝在機(jī)身后部。
The pilot is sitting in the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Both passengers and cargo are loaded at the rear of the fuselage.
有些飛機(jī)在機(jī)身內(nèi)攜帶燃料，有些飛機(jī)可以在機(jī)翼內(nèi)攜帶燃料。
Some aircraft carry fuel inside the fuselage, while others can carry fuel inside the wings.
-機(jī)身-
-Fuselage-
機(jī)翼
wing
機(jī)翼產(chǎn)生大部分的升力讓飛機(jī)在空中飛行。空氣以空氣動(dòng)力阻力的形式抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)代客機(jī)在機(jī)翼的使用小翼以減少阻力。
The wings generate most of the lift, allowing the aircraft to fly in the air. Air resists motion in the form of aerodynamic resistance. Modern airliners use small wings at the tip of their wings to reduce drag.
-機(jī)翼示意圖-
-Wing schematic diagram-
襟翼
flap
機(jī)翼附近有額外鉸接的后部，稱(chēng)為襟翼。
There is an additional hinged rear near the wing, called a flap.
在起飛和著陸時(shí)向下展開(kāi)襟翼以增加機(jī)翼產(chǎn)生的力的大小。下次你乘坐飛機(jī)時(shí)，你可以注意一下，在起飛和著陸過(guò)程中機(jī)翼形狀如何變化。
Expand the flaps downwards during takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force generated by the wings. Next time you take a plane, you can pay attention to how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.
副翼、擾流板
Ailerons, spoilers
機(jī)翼的外側(cè)鉸接部分稱(chēng)為副翼，它用于飛機(jī)的橫滾，也就是可以使得飛機(jī)沿著飛行方向的軸線(xiàn)滾動(dòng)。大多數(shù)客機(jī)也可以使用擾流板實(shí)現(xiàn)橫滾。擾流板是小板，用于破壞機(jī)翼上的氣體流動(dòng)。擾流板的作用就是幫助飛機(jī)隨速度調(diào)整在不同速度下的氣動(dòng)外形流場(chǎng)，進(jìn)而獲得接近更理想的氣動(dòng)操作效應(yīng)。
The outer hinged part of the wing is called the aileron, which is used for aircraft roll, which allows the aircraft to roll along the axis of the flight direction. Most passenger planes can also use spoilers to achieve roll. Spoilers are small plates used to disrupt the airflow on the wings. The function of the spoiler is to help the aircraft adjust its aerodynamic shape and flow field at different speeds, thereby achieving nearly ideal aerodynamic operation effects.
尾翼
Tail wing
為了控制和操縱飛機(jī)，較小的機(jī)翼位于飛機(jī)的尾部。尾部通常有一個(gè)固定的水平件，稱(chēng)為水平安定面，和一個(gè)固定的垂直件，稱(chēng)為垂直安定面。安定面的作用是為飛機(jī)提供穩(wěn)定性，使其保持直線(xiàn)飛行。在機(jī)翼和安定面的后部是小的活動(dòng)部件，它們通過(guò)鉸鏈連接到安定面后部。鉸接于水平安定面的件為升降舵，鉸接在垂直安定面上的是方向舵，顧名思義，其分別用于控制飛機(jī)的升降和方向。
In order to control and manipulate the aircraft, the smaller wings are located at the rear of the aircraft. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal component called a horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed vertical component called a vertical stabilizer. The function of the stabilizer is to provide stability for the aircraft and keep it flying in a straight line. At the rear of the wing and stabilizer are small moving components that are connected to the rear of the stabilizer through hinges. The components hinged on the horizontal stabilizer are elevators, while those hinged on the vertical stabilizer are rudders. As the name suggests, they are used to control the lifting and direction of the aircraft, respectively.
渦輪發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)
turbogenerator
其位于機(jī)翼下方（也有的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)位于靠近尾翼的位置，如我國(guó)的ARJ21支線(xiàn)客機(jī)），提供的推力來(lái)克服飛行時(shí)的阻力，并通過(guò)機(jī)翼產(chǎn)生的空氣動(dòng)力托起飛機(jī)（也就是機(jī)翼的伯努利原理）。較小的低速飛機(jī)使用螺旋槳作為推進(jìn)系統(tǒng)而不是渦輪發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
It is located below the wing (and some engines are located near the tail, such as the ARJ21 regional airliner in China), providing thrust to overcome flight resistance and supporting the aircraft through the aerodynamic force generated by the wing (i.e. the Bernoulli principle of the wing). Smaller low-speed aircraft use propellers as propulsion systems rather than turbo engines.
而戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)通常將噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)埋在機(jī)身內(nèi)，而不是懸掛在機(jī)翼下方的吊艙中，這樣以減輕空氣阻力，達(dá)到更佳的飛行性能。許多戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)還將水平穩(wěn)定器和升降機(jī)組合起來(lái)，形成V字形的尾翼。
Fighters typically embed jet engines inside the fuselage, rather than hanging them in pods below the wings, in order to reduce air resistance and achieve better flight performance. Many fighter jets also combine horizontal stabilizers and elevators to form V-shaped tail wings.
-渦扇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)模型-
-Turbofan engine model-
起落架
Landing gear
起落架是飛機(jī)下部用于起飛降落或地面（水面）滑行時(shí)支撐飛機(jī)并用于地面（水面）移動(dòng)的附件裝置，水上飛機(jī)通常設(shè)置成了浮筒，以滿(mǎn)足水面上的起降。
The landing gear is an attachment device used by the lower part of an aircraft to support the aircraft during takeoff and landing or ground (water) taxiing, and to move on the ground (water). A seaplane is usually set up as a buoy to meet takeoff and landing on the water surface.
起落架是一種支撐整架飛機(jī)的部件，因此它是飛機(jī)不可或缺的部份。沒(méi)有它，飛機(jī)便不能在地面移動(dòng)。當(dāng)飛機(jī)起飛后，可以收回起落架，以減輕飛行阻力。
The landing gear is the only component that supports the entire aircraft, therefore it is an indispensable part of the aircraft. Without it, airplanes cannot move on the ground. After takeoff, the landing gear can be retracted to reduce flight resistance.
上面簡(jiǎn)單介紹的是客機(jī)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，的波音和空客的客機(jī)構(gòu)造基本如此，但是未來(lái)的可以可能會(huì)有很大變化，如將機(jī)身去除，而將機(jī)翼結(jié)合成的飛翼飛機(jī)，其整個(gè)機(jī)翼就是機(jī)身。
The above is a brief introduction to the basic structure of passenger aircraft. The famous Boeing and Airbus aircraft have similar structures, but there may be significant changes in the future, such as removing the fuselage and combining the wings to form a flying wing aircraft, where the entire wing is the fuselage.
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